形 difficult，hard，hardly possible，troublesome；动 （使感到困难） put sb. into a difficult position；

[例句] 数学试卷和英语试卷很难。 The papers in maths and English are very testing.

[例句] 他为人刻薄、难相处是出了名的。 He had a reputation for being bloody-minded and difficult.

difficulty，hard，straitened circumstances，trouble；

[例句] 我所在的公司经历了一段困难时期。 The company I work for went through a rough patch.

[例句] 我大致了解情况会有多困难。 I have a fair idea of how difficult things can be.

difficult，hard，arduous，hardship，rough ；

[例句] 当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。 When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.

[例句] 他描述了被俘4个月里挣扎求生的艰难岁月。 He described the difficulties of surviving for four months as a captive.

suffering，calamity，disaster，catastrophe，bale；

[例句] 他猜测说有些人也许能够察觉重大灾难。 He conjectured that some individuals may be able to detect major calamities.

[例句] 总统将这场灾难说成是天灾。 The President described the disaster as an act of God.

censure，blame，arraignment，impugnment，inculpation ；

[例句] 把事情按部就班地讲清楚。不要责难或归罪于人。 Talk things through in stages. Do not accuse or apportion blame.

[例句] 年轻球员总是发现自己备受责难。 Young players found themselves too much in the firing line.

take refuge，seek asylum [shelter]，refuge，take sanctuary ；

[例句] 寻求避难的家庭户增加了17％。 The number of families seeking shelter rose by 17 percent.

[例句] 我们沿着一条蜿蜒的小道爬向山上的一处避难所。 We climbed up a winding track towards a mountain refuge.

sad，have a hard time；

[例句] 他们俩都很不友善，让我非常难过。 They have both behaved very badly and I am very hurt.

[例句] 戴利主教说他听到红衣主教去世的消息后感到极为震惊和难过。 Bishop Daly said he was devastated by news of the Cardinal's death.

（多用于否定式） blame，censure，reproach，animadvert，criticise ；

[例句] 尽管他的思想屡遭非难，他似乎仍然百折不挠。 He seemed undaunted by all the opposition to his idea.

[例句] 他的行为有许多可非难的地方. His action is accusable in many respects.

feel unwell，feel ill，feel unhappy，feel bad ；

[例句] 我的胳膊很累，背部肌肉紧绷得难受。 My arms are tired, and my back is tense.

[例句] 长牙会很难受，婴儿会烦躁不安。 Teething can be painful and make your baby irritable.

feel embarrassed，feel awkward，make things difficult for，baffle，bewilderment ；

[例句] 她接受了这个令人为难的差事，负责打头几个电话。 She had the unenviable task of making the first few phone calls.

[例句] 好吧，也许我在那件事上使你为难了。 Well, maybe I stumped you on that one.

fire，tribulation，hardship，suffering，crucifixion ；

[例句] 莫娜不为她经历的这场磨难所动，对自己表现出的勇气也态度淡然。 Mona remains unshaken by her ordeal and is matter-of-fact about her courage.

[例句] 各人质历尽磨难后安然生还。 The hostages emerged from their ordeal unscathed .

refugee，displaced person ；

[例句] 大多数难民等待救济的地方都不能挡风遮雨。 The area where most refugees are waiting is exposed to the elements.

[例句] 寻求避难者中有不到7%的人被视作政治难民。 Fewer than 7% of asylum seekers are accepted as political refugees.

suffering，misery，distress，tribulation，[电影]Affliction；

[例句] 经过这么多苦难之后，他应该行点好运了。 He does deserve some good luck after so much wretchedness.

[例句] 他们把精力集中在减轻难民们的苦难上。 Their energies were focussed on the alleviation of the refugees' misery.

ugly，unsightly，shameful，embarrassing，malformation ；

[例句] 那座纪念碑耸立在方圆数英里景致之中显得近乎难看。 The Memorial seems almost ugly, dominating the landscape for miles around.

[例句] 多难看的东西啊，扔掉，扔掉。 What ugly things; throw them away, throw them away.

（故意使人为难） create difficulties，make things difficult，purposely make difficulties for sb.，deliberately put obstacles in sb.'s way ；

[例句] 史密斯先生故意刁难，就是不肯照章办事。 Mr Smith was obstructive and refused to follow correct procedure.

[例句] 女经理伊丽莎白·阿彻多次胁迫和刁难亚当斯先生。 Mr Adams was repeatedly bullied and picked on by manageress Elizabeth Archer.

marine perils，perils of the sea，shipwreck，[电影]Shipwrecked；

[例句] 他在西班牙海岸附近的一次海难中溺水身亡。 He was drowned in a shipwreck off the coast of Spain.

[例句] 遭遇海难的那对夫妻被两名渔夫救起。 The shipwrecked couple were rescued by two fishermen.

die for (a just cause)，die a martyr，martyrize，martyrdom ；

[例句] 他被处以石刑，以身殉难。 He suffered martyrdom by stoning.

[例句] 可是那些殉难者的事迹却是永远湮没无闻. But the deeds of those who perished will never be known.

hard to come by，rare，seldom，rarely，one in a thousand ；

[例句] 被宠坏的孩子很难得到其他孩子的喜爱。 A spoilt child is rarely popular with other children.

[例句] 成功的风险投资有时要比它表面看起来困难得多。 Successful venture capital investment is a lot harder than it sometimes looks.

degree of difficulty，difficulty ；

[例句] 爱乐乐团精彩演绎了这首高难度乐曲。 The Philharmonia played this staggeringly difficult music superlatively well.

[例句] 采访政治家可能并不是什么高难度的事，但的确很重要。 Interviewing politicians may not be rocket science, but it does matter.

intolerable，unbearable，（难为情） embarrassed ；

[例句] 安开始弹吉他时，莫莉感到有些难堪。 Molly had cringed when Ann started picking up the guitar.

[例句] 这张令人难堪的照片是怎么落到媒体手中的？ How had this com-promising picture come into the possession of the press?