no matter ，whether ... or ...，regardless of，irrespective of，without reference to ；

[例句] 该中心向所有人开放，不论种族和宗教信仰如何。 The centre is open to all, no matter what race or creed.

[例句] 任何人，不论宗教、肤色或信仰，都可以加入。 It takes in anybody regardless of religion, colour, or creed.

inference，judgment，thesis ；

[例句] 黑人总爱惹事这一观念是种族主义论断的核心。 The notion that blacks comprise a problem is at the core of racist reasoning.

[例句] 这一论断太牵强,不能使他们拥有起诉权. This claim was too speculative to provide them with standing.

grounds of argument，argument，talking point ；

[例句] 他们的论据经不起一点推敲。 Their arguments do not withstand the most superficial scrutiny.

[例句] 她论据的核心 the pith of her argument

editorial，leading article，leader，a leading article ；

[例句] 《华尔街日报》的一篇社论概述了很多保守派人士的观点。 A Wall Street Journal editorial encapsulated the views of many conservatives.

[例句] 许多社论对该国经济的混乱状况表示忧虑。 Many editorials express their anxieties about the economic chaos in the country.

polemic，debate，argue，controversy，rencounter ；

[例句] 这是一场唯物主义与唯心主义的大论战. This is a heated debate which involves materialist as opposed to idealist views.

[例句] 经济学家们也日益投入新的论战. Increasingly economists are being drawn into the new debate.

introduction，exordium，prolegomenon ；

[例句] 一般说来, 书都有绪论. Generally, a book has an introduction.

[例句] 在绪论中业已强调,现代天体物理学是彻底的承认演化的科学. The introduction emphasized the thoroughly evolutionary nature of modern astrophysics.

forum，tribune ；

[例句] 这个论坛目前向所有企业家新秀敞开大门。 The forum is now open to all budding entrepreneurs.

[例句] 克拉伦斯·佩奇是《芝加哥论坛报》的专栏作家。 Clarence Page is a columnist for the Chicago Tribune.

argument，thesis，argumentation，contention，issue ；

[例句] 本文所持的论点恰恰是站在相反的立场。 The argument contained herein takes exactly the opposite point of view.

[例句] 现在让我来将我的论点串起来。 Let me now pull together the threads of my argument.

epistemology ；

[例句] 下面是典型的认识论问题: 什么是科学方法? The following are typical epistemological questions: What is scientific method?

[例句] 认识论是关于认识的理论. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge.

[哲] dualism，dualist approach ；

[例句] 他无视传统基督教的肉体与灵魂的二元论。 He ignores the traditional Christian dualism between body and soul.

[例句] 千万别谈地狱的二元论. Don't say a syllable about the Infernal Twoness.

[哲] materialism ；

[例句] 唯心论和唯物论是对立的. Idealism is opposite to materialism.

[例句] 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.

（多用于书名： 概括的论述） outline，introduction，survey，conspectus，generality ；

[例句] 《语法概论》一书已经绝版二十年了. THE INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR has been out of print for twenty years.

[例句] 心之光─逻辑概论,和许多的典籍经论等等. Sun of Mind ; an exposition of Logic and many others.

empty talk，doctrinairism，ideology ；

[例句] 那只不过是空论. That is mere talk.

[例句] 选举将取决于竞争力而非空论 ( 乔治F. 威尔 ) The election would turn not on ideology but on competence ( George F. Will )

[哲] fatalism，determinism，deterministic ；

[例句] 这份文献显示出对宿命论的某些矛盾观点. The document expressed some ambivalence over the doctrine of predestination.

[例句] 这是名符其实的异教宿命论. That is really pagan fatalism.

methodology ；

[例句] 说它是科学,因为它可以通过结果来衡量,并须经方法论来分析. It's a science in that it can be measured by results and is subject to methodological analysis.

[例句] 刚才概述的方法论还有其他一些方面. The methodological situation just sketched has a number of further aspects.

determinism，[医] determinism ；

[例句] 我不相信历史决定论。 I don't believe in historical determinism.

[例句] 老式决定论是可称为刚性决定论的东西. Old - fashioned determinism was what we may call hard determinism.

[逻] proposition，thesis ；

[例句] 乔姆斯基的这篇评论题为《心理学与意识形态》。 Chomsky's review is entitled "Psychology and Ideology".

[例句] 不要修改少数论题以致排除所有其他的. Don't revise a few topics to the exclusion of all others.

[数] antinomy，paradox ；

[例句] 马丁对于这一悖论的解释尽管严格说来不合乎逻辑, 卻似乎是最好的解释了. Although strictly illogical, Martin's interpretation of this paradox seems the best.

[例句] 这个故事存在多重悖论。 The story contains many levels of paradox.

atheism，antitheism ；

[例句] 他信奉无神论就像信仰一种新的宗教。 He believes in atheism as though it were a new religion.

[例句] 中国公民有信仰宗教的自由和不信仰宗教、宣传无神论的自由. Chinese citizens enjoy the freedom to believe in religion and the freedom not to believe in it and to propagate atheism.

monograph ；

[例句] 这篇专论概念混淆，结构不清，研究方法也经不起推敲。 The monograph is conceptually confused, unclear in its structure and weak in its methodology.

[例句] 而后,BenjaminRobins以他的几篇专论和一本书参加争论. Benjamin Robins then entered the fray with articles and a book.